This perspective puts a focus on compound events which produce damage. Other than events caused by single extremes, these are related to a combination of influences, including co-located multivariate events, spatially compounding events arising from individual spatially separated events, temporally compounding events and preconditioned events. As the authors are directly working with stake-holders and decision makers on a regular basis, their view provides literature-based insight on the requirements that should be fulfilled for producing scientific results which effectively support early warning systems and stakeholder decisions.

The assessment of climate change impacts on rainfall-triggered shallow landslides in the Campania Region shows that, despite the trend toward drier conditions, landslide occurrence is projected to increase. In this study like in some previous ones conducted for a nearby region, projections indicate a greater increase in landslide frequency under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario. The authors show that this counter-intuitive result is related to the critical role of antecedent soil moisture in landslide initiation.

The paper discusses in a very timely manner the seismicity and risk from gas injection in the Groningen gas field. The results indicate that reductions in seismicity can be achieved in all analysed scenarios and that these reductions could be substantial also for relatively modest volumes of injection gas. The results also show that benefits may be lost if injection is stopped before reservoir-wide equilibration has been achieved. These are interesting findings which enables the paper to fulfil more than one newsworthy criteria of the EGU: i.a. timing, significance, proximity, and hot topic.

This paper provides policy-relevant insights into how climate extremes threaten transport infrastructure across Europe. Using a structured multi-hazard framework, it offers a Europe-wide assessment of the exposure of roads, railways, and inland waterways under different warming scenarios, showing that exposure to heatwaves, floods, and wildfires could increase substantially by mid-century. These findings are directly relevant to EU climate adaptation and transport policy, particularly for strategic investment in the TEN-T network. By translating complex climate data into actionable insights for infrastructure planning, the paper has strong potential to inform policymakers and engage the wider public.

This study advances flood risk science by introducing a high-resolution, probabilistic framework that integrates coastal and fluvial dynamics through continuous modelling, moving beyond traditional deterministic “100-year flood” approaches. Quantifying Expected Annual Flooded Area (EAFA) and identifying critical sea-level rise thresholds provides actionable insights for more accurate, climate-informed flood risk assessment and spatial planning in vulnerable coastal regions.