The paper advances GLOF risk assessment in Bhutan beyond lake-centric hazard analysis, through explicitly integrating downstream exposure and community vulnerability into lake-specific risk prioritisation. By modelling hypothetical GLOFs for all potentially dangerous lakes and revealing previously unrecognised high-hazard lakes and high-risk local government units, the study provides a more robust, decision-relevant basis for targeted preparedness and mitigation planning.

The study draws on a unique dataset collected from a survey of nearly 500 water managers engaged in addressing the 2022 European Drought. It offers valuable insights into how preparedness influences outcomes during large-scale drought events and highlights pathways to strengthen European Drought Risk Management. The manuscript is accompanied by a companion paper, "The 2022 Drought Needs to Be a Turning Point for European Drought Risk Management" (egusphere-2024-2069), which focuses on the drought’s impacts and response. Together, the two studies underscore the urgent need for coordinated action and conclude with policy recommendations for establishing a European Union Drought Directive

The paper operationalises the European Drought Impact Database (EDID), addressing a critical gap in the systematic collection, harmonisation, and use of drought impact data for proactive drought risk management in Europe. By demonstrating how diverse regional datasets can be integrated into an accessible, policy-relevant platform linked to the Copernicus European Drought Observatory, the study provides a foundation for improved impact forecasting, model validation, and evidence-based drought adaptation strategies.

Flooding can create severe and immediate financial strain for households, particularly when property damage is uninsured and access to affordable credit is limited. This study introduces a simulation-based framework that links flood impacts directly to household financial conditions, revealing how flood damage can translate into credit constraints through negative equity, liquidity shortfalls, or both. Applying the framework to a series of major floods in North Carolina shows that a substantial share of flood-related property damage was uninsured and that many affected mortgage borrowers lacked the financial capacity to fund repairs, placing their recovery at risk. By identifying which households are most likely to face unmet funding needs after flooding, this work provides new insight into how climate-related hazards can propagate through housing and credit systems, with implications for financial stability and social resilience. Although projections are subject to uncertainty due to data limitations, the framework offers a valuable tool for exploring risk management and policy interventions, and highlights the urgent need for improved data coordination to better assess and manage climate-related financial risks.

This paper systematically reviews 250 studies (2010–2023) on the use of social media data (SMD) in disaster management, highlighting its applications in relevance filtering, actionable information extraction, and decision-making enhancement. It develops a comprehensive literature database and identifies key trends, advantages, and challenges, proposing best practices for leveraging SMD to improve disaster response, communication, and management strategies.